"FOLLOW THE MONEY"... 20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SURFACE

AN ECONOMIC FOCUS BRINGS ORDER OUT OF CHAOS

A view that is extremely simple.

Examples from French history:

• Ordinary people in 16th-century France detest and finally massacre Protestants because, as nascent capitalists, they challenge traditional protections against raw profit. 

• Innumerable aspects of daily life under the Old Regime strengthen the ruling caste of nobles.  

• "Liberty, Egality, Fraternity" in practice means free enterprise, the end of nobles' privileges and a call to the street to get rid of them. 

Did most people think through these feelings or philosophies? It doesn't matter.

What does: How things work. That is what "good" history shows and what these pages are about.

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The premise that underlying economies determine long-term change, which Karl Marx popularized, was common in the U.S. from the 1930's to the Cold War and in France from the collaborationists' defeat in 1944 to the 1960's. In the U.S. except during the Vietnam War it almost disappeared, and in France it gradually faded. 

After about 1980 in both countries it almost disappeared —  a change that coïncides with the rise of multinationals. Accounts based on political, military, philosophical or individual factors, in which economic factors are secondary or absent, replaced it. 

Showing how societies with nothing except their economic base in common react to similar economic change in similar ways reintroduces that approach. These pages compare transformation in preindustrial France and precolonial Africa, but the method applies anywhere.

 

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The pages on Africa come from my doctoral thesis for Columbia University, 1975. 

"Growth and Violence in the Precolonial Sudanic Belt began with economic data in explorers' accounts of  West and Central Africa. I then consulted the archives of Paris, Abidjan, Dakar, Bamako, Ouagadougou and Accra, conducted interviews in those towns and in Segu (Mali) and did three months of field work in Djimini,  in the northeastern Ivory Coast, in 1973.

The thesis was published as Croissance économique et violence dans la zone soudanienne in "Guerres de lignages et guerres d'état en Afrique" ("Wars of Lineage and Wars of State in Africa").* 

*Ed. by Jean Bazin and Emmanuel Terray, Paris, Éditions des Archives, 1982, pp. 423-500, translated by Emmanuel Terray. Both were Directors of Studies at the EHESS (School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences). 

I had married a Frenchman and lived in Paris. University doors stayed closed. As the late Emmanuel Terray wrote in another context, 

In spite of the quality of her work, Catherine Aubin could not find a place in the French university system. That will not surprise those that know how deeply that system turns inward and is reserved to an "elite," pre-selected by the important schools ("Ecoles Normales Supérieurs") and administrative competition (the "Agrégation"). Even if Catherine Aubin had published her thesis in the United States, even if she had published numerous articles — beyond her contribution to the collective work Guerres de lignages et Guerres d'Etat en Afrique ) that I published with Jean Bazin in 1982 — the situation would not have changed and she would not have been able to obtain a university position in France; her case is far from unique: no matter what her qualities and value of her work — and they are considerable — it is practically impossible for a foreign man, and perhaps even more for a foreign woman, to integrate the French university network of which the access is, de facto, solidly locked off from the start.  

--Emmanuel Terray,  Director of the EHESS, January 8, 1991

So I became a Paris tour guide.

That led me to French history,

 and to the comparisons that follow.

     The Sheik of Bornu in Clapperton's narrative, 1824  / Louis XIV by M. Leloir in G. Toudouze, Le Roy Soleil, 1931

Railings emphasize and isolate kings in 19th-century Northern Nigeria and 17th-century France.

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Next:

Why choose Africa?