Saturday, August 30, 2025

"FOLLOW THE MONEY"... 20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SURFACE


AN ECONOMIC FOCUS TRANSFORMS THE MEANING OF MANY EVENTS

Anthropology shows how things work.  




Blook I showed, for example, how "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" let capitalism take off.

Blook II explains how societies with only their agricultural base in common react in similar ways when economic growth destabilizes them.

Examples are 16th- and 17th-century France and Djimini, an  hinterland of the Ivory Coast where in the 18th- and 19th centuries growth was just beginning.


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Contents



 3.2. Ritualized warfare, another brake on growth

  
4.2.6. Introducing a pattern of change

 







Friday, August 29, 2025

O.1. WHY CHOOSE AFRICA?


THE REASON IS A BABY-SITTER 

When my brother and I were small, Cora Bailey, a Black woman from a neighboring town, would take care of us when our mother took a day off. She was a calm person whom we never thought of disobeying. 

She made superb lemon meringue pies and peanut butter cookies. Sometimes she brought her daughter, Doris, a teenager I admired because she could twirl.

Some years later Cora told me that Doris had had a baby, and then, that he had died. "She misses him," she said.

At about that time my aunt, who worked at the Urban League in the town where Cora lived, told my mother that Cora was a prostitute. "We don't need you any more," Mom told her. We never saw her again.  

The accusation may not have been true. In any case there had never been anything untoward in the years that Cora took care of us, and her private life was none of our business. She may not even have known the reason for being let go. 

Such unfairness led to my being on the left and her memory explains being drawn to Blacks. It led to choosing African history.

Blook II is dedicated
 to Cora Bailey.

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Next,



0.1. MY BACKGROUND AS A HISTORIAN OF AFRICA


THE PAGES ON AFRICA COME FROM MY DOCTORAL THESIS FOR COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1975 

"Growth and Violence in the Precolonial Sudanic Belt maintained that far from being "in decline" due to the Atlantic slave trade's devastations as was widely believed, the sub-Saharan savannah underwent increasingly dynamic growth. The political, social and religious transformations that followed came to an end when the colonial conquerors freed slave labor to establish their own economies.

Its basic source was the economic data in explorers' accounts, followed by that from the archives of Paris, Abidjan, Dakar, Bamako, Ouagadougou and Accra, from interviews in those towns and in Segu (Mali) and from three months of field work in Djimini, in the northeastern Ivory Coast, in 1973.

That study was published in a collection edited by Jean Bazin and Emmanuel Terray), successive directors of the l'EHESS (School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences)...

Wars of Lineage and Wars of State in Africa, Éditions des Archives, Paris, 1982

Pp. 423-500

The article, the last and longest, upset the way in which African history is understood. It received an enthusiastic review in a French-Canadian publication but though its editors were some of Paris's leading Africanists, the book was ignored in France.

A well-known professor at my dissertation defense (Stuart Bruchey) had said that I was a "civilized Marxist" and proposed that Columbia publish the study. But I had married a Frenchman, had a small child, lived in Paris and had no way of returning to the States. I thought that French university doors would open and instead of revising my thesis and sending it to Columbia, I knocked on doors that stayed closed.

So I became a tour guide. When I needed the support of the  French consul in Washington to obtain a guide's card, Terray wrote...

In spite of the quality of her work, Catherine Aubin could not find a place in the French university system. That will not surprise those that know how deeply that system turns inward and is reserved to an "elite," pre-selected by the important schools ("Ecoles Normales Supérieurs") and administrative competition (the "Agrégation"). Even if Catherine Aubin had published her thesis in the United States, even if she had published numerous articles beyond her contribution to the collective work Guerres de lignages et Guerres d'Etat en Afrique) that I published with Jean Bazin in 1982 the situation would not have changed and she would not have been able to obtain a university position in France; her case is far from unique: no matter what her qualities and value of her work and they are considerable it is practically impossible for a foreign man, and perhaps even more for a foreign woman, to integrate the French university network of which the access is, de facto, solidly locked off from the start.  
--Emmanuel Terray,  Director of the EHESS, January 8, 1991


Being a tour guide led to French history and the comparisons that follow.

     The Sheik of Bornu in Clapperton's narrative, 1824  / Louis XIV by M. Leloir in G. Toudouze, Le Roy Soleil, 1931

Railings emphasize and isolate kings in 19th-century Northern Nigeria and 17th-century France.

Here is that study, 
the French sequel added.

 
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Next:

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Thursday, August 28, 2025

0.3. CONTENTS


ECONOMIC GROWTH BRINGS A CLASH BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND RISING FORCES 


Contents

 3.2. Ritualized warfare, another brake on growth

  
4.2.6. Introducing a pattern of change

 

Wednesday, August 27, 2025

I. HINTERLANDS AT THE DAWN OF SUDDEN ECONOMIC GROWTH



TIMBUKTU TOWARD 1850 AND PARIS TOWARD 1450 WERE BACKWATERS COMPARED WITH THE TOWNS OF ITALY, THE MIDDLE EAST, INDIA AND CHINA 

Timbuktu: Soldiers accompany a caravan because authority is weak and routes unsafe.

 "Arrival at Timbuktu," Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa by Henrich Barth, 1855 / zoom (color added)

But expanding production has led to states emerging in the most commercial regions (west of Lake Chad and along the Senegal and Niger Rivers) and Timbuktu will soon be part of a powerful theocracy.*

* Africa's slower economic growth was due first to climate zones that hampered the spread of agricultural improvements (A Popular History of the World, from the Stone Age to the New Millenium par Chris Harmon, 1999, a rare account to connect economic and political change) then to the states that supplied the Atlantic slave trade and blocked the commercial forces that came from the north (please read on).  


Paris: The north-south trade route looks like a country path. 

Louis II of Anjou arrives in Paris, "Chronique de Jean Froissart," toward 1475 / zoom 

But France has recovered from the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War and the economy is slowly growing. Explorations and discoveries are about to bring a commercial expansion that will provoke religious and political upheaval... .

To understand how those societies reacted,
grasp how they worked. 

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Thursday, August 21, 2025

II.1. ONE CAN'T BRING IN THE HARVEST ALONE


OR FISH WITH LARGE NETS OR HUNT BIG ANIMALS

So work must be collective. 

 The Harvesters by Pieter Breughel the Elder, Flanders, 1565 / zoom

When expanding towns lead to growing crops for market, lands used communally become private and the pursuit of individual gain weakens the community. Then people leave "He went off to seek his fortune," is how many fairy tales begin.

Some migrants learn a craft or become merchants — that's how a middle class grows up — but most finish as vagabonds, mercenaries or thieves. 

Those who remain on the land become sharecroppers or serfs.

Ways to limit such change appear.