4.6.2. ADAPTING ISLAM TO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

PRODUCERS TAILOR THE FAITH TO JUSTIFY MASSIVE RAIDS AND INTENSE EXPLOITATION

"Keffir" —  evil doer, unbeliever means animist. "Jihad:" war against the unbelievers — means slave raids. Those terms fit turning communal lands into estates for commercial production while obtaining a labor force of slaves. 

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"Though a good man at heart..." a Tukulor warlord attacks an animist village that has given his men water. When an explorer objects, he answers, "They are keffirs, with them all means are fair."  

-- Lt. de vaisseau Mage, Voyage dans la Sénégambie occidentale, 1868, p. 623. 

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A slave's descendant reacts: 

In Ségou, the son of an animist slave owner agreed to speak to me about slavery. He invited the descendant of one of his father's captives to attend our conversation.

My host said that his father had treated his slaves well, and had even left one in charge of the family during an absence. But, he said, the Tukulor cared only for money and treated their slaves like animals.

I then asked,"Weren't they ruined when the French freed the slaves?"

The visitor, who so far had said nothing, 
suddenly sat up and joyfully exclaimed, 

 "They even cried about it!" 

-- Dongougou Bouaré, Ségou

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Next,

4.6.3. 

Samory's legend skips the raided