KINGS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE ARE ALSO RESTRAINED

THEY TOO MAKE RICHES CIRCULATE AND THEY TOO ARE KEPT IN CHECK: ROYAL "JOYOUS ENTRIES" ARE SYMBOLS OF PERMANENCE

Standing or seated, kings' image is static. Crowns and heavy robes keep them from moving. Holding emblems of power keeps them from using their hands: 

Toledo Cathedral, 1220-1240 / zoom

God measuring cosmos and earth using a pair of compasses 

France's Louis IX (Saint Louis), medieval manuscript, 1283 / zoom;

 England's Richard II, coronation portrait (1377), Westminster Abbey / zoom

   Illuminated manuscript, end 13th century / zoom

Pontius Pilate and Jesus (or Alphonso X and his court), Castille

Zoom

Altarpiece of Ghent by Hubert and Jan van Eyck, 1532

Ramsay Casadesus Rawson

Venice, 16th century

Moses and Aaron before the Pharaoh, toward 1620 / zoom

Flanders. Notice the hat.

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Next,

Detour: Christ becomes a warrior or king